Organizational Change And Innovation

Organizational Change And Innovation Organizational change and innovation are essential for an organizations growth and development. Upon understanding the importance organizational change and innovation, many researchers have formulated theories related to change management. Theories have critically analysed with an example of British Airways. Compare strategies with the external and internal environment. The changes taking place in British Airways explores the understanding of change management is implemented in organizations. The case study explains the dimensions of business travel and tourism and its social, economic and environmental consequences. The case study elaborates the easier approach of organizational change in right method with mutual trust and obligation between the employee and employer. Strategy: Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging business environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. Johnson and Scholes (Exploring Corporate Strategy) Organizational Strategic planning process: According to the todays high rivalry in business environment, the large corporations not only follow the budged-oriented planning and forecast-based planning methods to survive and prosperity, but also engage in strategic planning which clearly describes objectives and assess the both internal and external situation to formulate strategy, implement the strategy, evaluate the progress, and make adjustments to make necessary to stay on track. Mission Objectives: The organizations mission is expressed in the form of a mission statement that projects the organization image to the consumers. Organizational leaders can define measurable financial and strategic objectives guided by the business vision. Environmental Scan: Scanning of the internal and external environment of an organisation is known as environmental scanning. The internal analysis reveals strengths and weaknesses and the external analysis reveals opportunities and threats of an organisation. Strategy formulation: Once the clear representation of an organisation has been achieved, specific strategy can be devised. Michael Porter identified cost leadership, differentiation and focus as three generic strategies can be used while formulating strategy. Strategy Implementation: For effective implementation, high level intangible terms and priority of strategy needs to be translated into more detailed policies for clear understanding at functional level of organization. Evaluation Control: After implantation, the results need to be measured and evaluated, with necessary changes made as required to keep on track. SWOT Analysis: SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method, which helps organizations in identifying and understanding their strengths and weaknesses, explore opportunities and minimise threats. It is helpful in identifying areas of development in any business. Strengths: Organizational strengths are skills and capabilities which makes possible to conceive of and implement its strategies. Examples include strong tie-ups with the suppliers, healthy relations with the customers, reputed brand name, etc. Weaknesses: Organizational weakness is deemed as an opposite of strength, which is important to overcome their weaknesses as it is highest importance to strive in the market. Examples include weak tie-ups with the suppliers and distributors, poor reputation among customers, weak brand name, etc. Opportunities: Opportunities are favourable circumstances, an area or duration in which an organization can work towards higher performance and profits. Examples include unfulfilled customer needs, up to date with new technologies, favourable changes in the international trading regulations, etc. Threats: Threats are unfavourable changes in the internal and external environment. Examples include new regulations, not able to manage the new technologies; products are not able to reach the customer satisfaction level, trade barriers, etc. By utilizing the SWOT analysis in strategic planning towards the organizational growth, a matrix can be developed which provides an accurate understanding of organizations strength, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. SWOT Matrix Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities S-O strategies W-O strategies Threats S-T strategies W-T strategies In conclusion, SWOT analysis is the most important method in analysing and formulating strategy. With this, the managers can assess the internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats for overall development of the organization. (Ricky Griffin, 2008) (http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/) Micro Macro Environment: PESTEL Analysis: PESTEL analysis means analysing the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors, which may play a big role in an organisation processes. Using these key factors organizations can identify the attractiveness of a particular industry for investment, customers expectations, recognise the strategic gap and opportunities in the market. Political factors include political stability, taxation policies, legislation and regulation, government grants and fiscal incentives, and environmental regulations, and etc. Economic factors include interest rates, inflation rate, currency exchange rates, globalization, economic growth, and etc. Social factors include demographic change, emphasis on safety, lifestyle development, healthy management, and etc. Technological factors include research and development activity, communication technologies, automation, operation technologies, and etc. Environmental factors include climate, weather, and etc. Legal factors include discrimination law, consumer law, employment law, health and safety law, and etc. In conclusion, PESTEL analysis is a method of understanding external environment in which an organization operates and this is very important for overall development and success of an organisation. (Ricky W. Griffin, 2007) Change Management: Change management is an organized, systematic application of the knowledge, tools and resources of change that provides organizations with as key process to achieve their business strategy. (http://www.lamarsh.com/approach/managed) Michael E. Porter developed a five forces tool called porters five forces to understand the industry in which a firm operates. According to the Michael E. Porter, competition is often looked at too narrowly by managers and the five forces say that competing with direct competitors. The five forces give a holistic way of looking any industry and understanding the structural underlining drivers of profitability and drivers. With clear understanding of this model, an organisation can develop the competitive edge over its rivals and identify whether new products or businesses have the potential to be benefit or not. The five forces are supplier power, buyer power, competitive rivalry, threat of substitution, and threat of new entry. These five competitive forces give a frame work for identifying the most important industry developments and for foreseeing their impact on industry attractiveness. Michael E. Porter (On Competition) Source (http://www.visual-literacy.org/periodic_table/pix/porter-five-forces.png) Framework for Change: The job role of senior managers is to take decisions in favour of achieving the goals and make sure that the formulating strategies are implemented in the appropriate manner. The above-mentioned theories help the senior managers to approach change in a more structured way. Nevertheless, rather than sticking of organisational theories, managers have a broad range of choice and prudence. Resistance in Change: Change tends to be resisted when it affects interpersonal and job relations, but the manner of change is often important than the change itself. Change will not be effective unless the affected areas are committed to change. By creating supportive atmosphere, close working with affected areas by the change must work out a new value system we can reach the goal of successful change. According to the Lewins model, change means three stages: unfreezing, transition and refreezing. Unfreeze supporting people to replace the old behaviour with new one, which provides a sense of psychological safety and motivated to change. Transition people start looking at things in a different way and may learn new concepts or behavioural models in this stage. Refreeze stabilization of change via integration of changed behaviour into the normal way of doing things. Change will fall back to prior level unless the change is internalized and institutionalized after execution. Some of the organisational resistance factors are inactive structure, inactive group, threat to expertise, poor power relations, and limited forces of change. (http://www.consultpivotal.com/lewins.htm) There are number of organizations in the world in which there has been constant change and innovation. British Airways is one such organisation that has constantly changes in its strategy, structure, culture, management and technology. It has also employed various techniques to deal with such changes. Case Study: Background Information: In 1919, Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited (ATT) launched worlds first daily international air service. In 1924, four major airline companies in Britain Handley Page, Instone, ATT and British Air Marine Navigation merged together into a single airlines company called Imperial Airways. This airline grew in size and gained rapid reputation. The airlines not only dominated the operations in Britain, but also dominated across the different parts in the world encircling routes to Australia and Canada. In 1935, British Airways Ltd was formed with the merger of three airlines and extremely competed with the Imperial Airways. However, in 1939, British government nationalised the two airlines and formed British Overseas Airways Corporation. The BOAC separated into two entities as British European Airways (operates within Europe) and BOAC (operates rest of the world). With the rising oil prices and industrial concerns, BOAC and British European Airways decided to m erge into British Airways in 1976 and a Concord was introduced. This was referred as to as the new supersonic era. In April 1984, British Airways was made into British Airways Plc by shares offered to public. Now, British Airways is the United Kingdoms largest international scheduled airlines and operates more than 550 destinations across the world. British Airways has more than 280 aircrafts and has more than 40,000 employees. The corporate headquarter is located in London and its main hubs are Heathrow and Gatwick. British Airways has owned around 240,000 shareholders including 50% of shares owned by the BAs existing employees. (http://www.britishairways.com/travel/history) Strategies of British Airways: New strategies were adopted at each level of the organisation. British Airways top managers are certainly reviewing their strategies to identify the areas of improvement. Functional strategies aim at providing British Airways products with competitive advantages in terms of superior quality, innovation, efficiency and customer responsiveness. In airline industry, formal corporate strategy was that of vertical integration with lack of independent providers for specialized activities brought about the creation of in-house services with secure markets, therefore lacking up-to-date technology or cost efficiency. With the new corporate strategy, outsourcing activities to reduce costs and elevate competitiveness, and on developing partnerships with major airlines to increase the use of each partners assets and better serve customers. SWOT Analysis of British Airways: Strengths: British Airways strength includes purchased fast-rate new fleet of aircrafts to praise comfortable travelling of customers. British Airways operational research declared that level of knowledge and analytical skills performed by the organization and employees becomes it strength. Strong focus in customer areas while in purchasing high-end technology for air service strengthens the business orientation. Weaknesses: Lacking marketing strategy is one of many weaknesses on organizations business and service. Even though the great infrastructure hosted British Airways need to attract more customers with better market schemes. Furthermore limited knowledge of simulation technology, knowledge lost through internal staff moves, and difficulty to enhance specialist airline technology are the weaknesses. Threats: Threats are seen in centralized management, bureaucratic system and poor decision making. Rapid changes on technology and customer behaviour can also be a threat if not interpreted quickly. Major threats are trade union strikes. Opportunities: Availability of vast services and products create an opportunity to utilize them properly. In British Airways virtual reality could provide a new use for simulation, getting network software and sharing knowledge through special groups are opportunities, which can be utilized further enhance the companys growth. Online check-in for families with Fast Bag Drop facility, introducing baggage policies by standardizing the size of baggage to reduce queue time in airports are some of opportunities for British Airways. (http://www.thinkingmanagers.com/companies/british-airways) Porters five forces model applied to British Airways external environment High Risk of Entry Considerable start-up capital High financial risks Large economies of scale Control through Airport slots Low Power of Supplies BA sets terms and conditions, e.g. takes 130 days to pay suppliers High Rivalry Rises with Industry stakeout and operators will complete on cost and differentiation High Power of Buyers Due to a weaker demand while the number of operator stabilises Substitute Products Eurostar, new communication means, e.g. teleconferencing Political-legal Technological Macro-economic socio-cultural Source: Adapted from Michael Porters model. Change Management British Airways By signing the joint business agreement in revenue and cost sharing and with Iberia British Airways spread the choice of air timings, better connections and short journey timings for customers travelling between London and Spain. British Airways has changed the uniform for more than 25000 staff and the new uniform will cost 30% less than the previous one, which continues to generate long term cost savings while bringing a new smart look to the staff. Expanding the operations through launching BA CityFlyer and operating from the Docklands to six UK and European destinations in 2007. In 2008, introduced Online Boarding Pass (OBP) along with technology enabled PDF with e-fax and mail services to customers convenience and time saving. Formerly, passengers would need to have access to a printer at the time of online check-in to produce their boarding pass. The Online Boarding Pass facility helped the customers in a great way as they did not have to wait in queue. Now they can take advantage of the freedom of online check-in. British Airways also aims on cutting down 95% of energy consumption on air handling by installing in-flight stimulator cells at its training centre in Heathrow Airport and new technology equipment also being used to reduce the noise emission. Cost cutting on staff pay Nearly 7,000 British Airways staff have taken an early opportunity to apply for voluntary pay cuts in support of the airlines cost reduction programme. Of the 40,000-strong workforce, 6,940 employees had volunteered for unpaid leave, part-time working or unpaid work by June 24. Their actions will save the company up to  £10 million. Willie Walsh, British Airways chief executive, said: This is a fantastic first response. I want to thank everyone who has volunteered to help us pull through this difficult period. This response clearly shows the significant difference individuals can make. Options were made available for staff to volunteer for between one and four weeks unpaid leave or unpaid work, with the pay deduction spread over three or six months. The options also included switches to part-time working or longer periods of unpaid leave. Staff will have further opportunities to take part in the programme later in the year. Contingency plan British Airways is to increase its flying schedule for the period of Unites strikes as larger volumes of cabin crew call the airline to offer to work in support of the companys contingency operation. Following Unites decision to call strikes for March 20, 21 and 22, the airline published its flying schedules for the affected period on Monday, aiming to fly 60 per cent of its customers as planned. Since Monday, the number of cabin crew offering to work as normal has increased significantly and is expected to grow further. British Airways is also pleased that the number of other airlines offering their help for the strike period through charters or provision of spare seats has increased from 50 on Monday to more than 60. These developments have enabled the airline to reinstate some previously cancelled flights and provide extra capacity for both longhaul and shorthaul destinations. For example, this will allow the airline to fly home more competitors and supporters from the Winter Paralympics in Vancouver. Willie Walsh, British Airways chief executive, said: The determination of our colleagues across the whole business to keep the flag flying this weekend is increasing. I am delighted by the numbers of cabin crew who have been getting in touch with us to express their disillusion with Unites position. Our crews just want to work as normal, do their usual terrific job and look after our customers. We will now have the potential to fly more than 4,000 additional customers per day and serve more destinations. We believe this is a helpful move at a time when customers are facing rising fares with alternative carriers. Morale among our operations teams is high. Yesterday was our most punctual day at Heathrow for months, thanks to the efforts of all parts of the airline. Technological changes and innovation have been witnessed in British Airways from the past five years. British Airways has invested large amounts in new technology and terminal facilities. Exploring the knowledge and facilitation commencements in British Airways supported the decisions and management process. Another major technological change introduced by British Airways was implementation of management solutions from Calidris in 2007, which helped to create industrys first Order Data Stores (ODS), which stores the customers information in improving the level of customer service and minimising the duplicate bookings. Conclusion:

Case Attrition Essay

Case attrition is the failure of arrests to come to trial; less than half of all felony arrests result in conviction (Meyer, J & Grant, D. 2003). Basically, case attrition is when an arrest does not end in a trial conviction, which happens quite often in the court justice system. The effect case attrition has on the criminal justice system effects all levels of the criminal justice process, because an arrest or no arrest affects all aspects of the criminal justice process. Law enforcement officers can develop negative feelings about the justice system and feel that their work is not getting noticed. The high levels of case attrition in modern systems shows that the criminal law has very substantial limitations as a direct crime control such as, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Criminal convictions and penalties deserved punishment and reinforce important societal denunciation, but if these penal consequences are imposed according to procedure that are widely perceived as fair and just. Attrition can get rid of individuals in the over-worked justice system that were arrested that either had a problem with the legality of the arrest or it was the result of an overworked, or bad officer in a situation where an arrest was not necessary (Meyer, J & Grant, D. 2003). When these cases are removed from the justice system, it is possible for attorneys and judges to be able to focus on more serious crimes. Reference Meyer, J & Grant, D. (2003) The Courts in Our Criminal Justice System

Natural Health Beauty Tips

With the many beauty products available in the market, it is often difficult to decide which one is the best for us; however, these products are quite expensive and take a lot of effort and time to apply each day. The best way to be beautiful is the natural way; drink at least 8 glasses of water everyday, it hydrates our body and our skin. Eat green leafy vegetables that are rich in antioxidants to help you achieve that glowing skin.Always drink two glasses of milk everyday, it has the calcium and vitamins that gives your hair and nails that extra shine and gives you energy throughout the day, as well as help in maintaining your weight.Sleep at least 8 hours a day, when we sleep, our bodies renew itself and no matter how beautiful we are, lack of sleep makes us look old and fatigued. Do not drink too much alcohol and do not smoke, these two vices hastens our bodies aging and can dry up the skin. Steps to a Pedicure Tired of going to the parlor and paying for expensive pedicures? Here are simple steps to get that clean and healthy looking nails. First, prepare everything you need, nail brush, nail file, nail cutter, nail buffer and a wooden tip and cuticle softening solution.Lather your nails with softening solution and gently push the cuticles back. Do not cut them; this is best left to the experts. Then brush each nail paying attention to the sides and the base of the nail. Rinse with water and then dry each nail with a towel. Cut your nails according to your preference and then file the tips to smoothen the edges. Finally, buff each nail with the buffer to give it that healthy looking shine. Beat dry skin the Natural Way Dry skin is embarrassing and painful; do you want to know how to make your skin supple and soft to the touch the natural way?Follow these steps and you will see results almost immediately. First stay away from extreme temperatures, too hot and too cold whether it be at home, under the sun, or when taking a shower. Then make sure that you appl y petroleum jelly to the driest part of the skin or those that have cracked especially the heels, do this daily. Now to give that extra boost to your skin, after a shower, put on body oil all over your skin paying attention to the elbows and knees, then wear a cotton sweater and pajama and socks to lock in the moisture and sleep in it overnight. In the morning your skin will feel soft to the touch.As always, drink vitamin c, drink plenty of water and get your beauty sleep. 5 Tips for Radiant Skin Moisturize your skin by using an intensive body lotion, apply it right after taking a shower when your skin is still wet and dewy, this will lock more moisture in. Use a powerful sunblock whenever you are going outdoors and stay away from the sun between 10 in the morning to 3 in the afternoon. Drink vitamin E, it nourishes your skin from the inside. Get a body scrub once a week to revitalize and rejuvenate your skin cells, and never use harsh and very fragrant soaps as these can irritate y our skin, making it dull and dry.Tips for Perfect Lips Everyone wants to have the Angelina Jolie lips and keeping your lips plump and pink with health is easy. First exfoliate your lips, get a soft toothbrush and dip it in cold water, then gently rub it on your lips. Then pat your lips dry and apply a generous amount of lip balm, use you fingers as it is absorbed more by your lips. Then line your lips with a lip liner that is a lighter shade than your lipstick, this would keep your lipstick from bleeding. Apply your lipstick with a lip brush starting from the center to the sides.Then for long lasting lipsticks, dab a little powder on your lips and apply a lighter coat of lipstick and top it off with a lip shiner. Tips to look Younger The secret to looking younger is to laugh and have a positive disposition. If you are happy, and do not worry so much about the difficulties of life, then you surely would look younger than your age. Learn how to manage your stress, use it to motivate y ou to work on the things that you can and graciously accept the things you cannot. If you have graying hairs, color your hair, you don’t have to be stuck with the same color for the rest of your life, experiment and have fun.Regularly have your physical check-up, in that way you know what is going on with your body and any illness can speed up the aging process. Don’t believe older people when they say they can’t wear something because it’s not for their age. Be adventurous, wear something that hides your age and make you feel younger. Take care of your skin and stay away from unhealthy habits like smoking and drinking too much alcohol. Remove dark circles under eyes Dark circles under the eyes can be bothersome and indicates lack of sleep and tiredness.To remove dark circles, get an ice cube and on a freshly washed face dab the ice cubes on the dark circles, this will instantly increase the blood circulation. You can also get an eye cream and massage it in the dark circles working your way from the inside to the outside. Another way would be to get two tea bags and place it in the refrigerator until cold to the touch. Close your eyes and place it on the dark circle for 30 minutes, at the same time get that much needed sleep. Or if everything else fails, you can put on a concealer and apply it on the dark circles then cover it with foundation and apply makeup. Fade those FrecklesFreckles often occur when the skin is exposed to too much sunlight, unfortunately once freckles appear it is very difficult to completely erase it. One can however at least make the freckles fade and can be masked with makeup to get that flawless skin. Use a whitening soap, and pay attention to the freckles whenever taking a bath. Then slather on whitening lotion and apply a generous amount of sun block in the affected areas. Refrain from wearing shirts or dresses that would expose the freckles to the sun. Finally, stay away from direct sunlight and have a p rotective covering whenever going outside may it be an umbrella, a coat or a hat.Look after your Pores Large pores are unsightly and are more prone to acne and pimples. To care for your pores always use lukewarm water when washing your face as it opens the pores and releases the dirt lodged in it. Use cold water as a final rinse when washing the face as it closes the pores and hence dust and impurities would have difficulty getting into the pores. When you have blackheads and or pimples, do not attempt to pinch it to get the dirt out, instead wait until the pores itself releases the black head and then dab an ice cube on the affected part to zap the pore.Do not use too harsh and scented facial scrubs as well as use it only twice a week not everyday as it can make the pores look dull and larger. Makeup tips for eyes lips and face When applying make up, less is more. Start with a concealer for those unsightly zits, pores, or dark circles. Then use a foundation that is the same skin co lor as you are. Apply it is wet sponge using upward strokes; you can also use the gel type and apply it with your fingers blending it in with the concealer. Then work on the eyes, apply eye liner to the eye lids, a darker line are more dramatic, a lighter line is more casual and laid back.Apply eye shadow on the folds of the eyes, using two colors, the darker one is applied on the base of the fold and the lighter one on top, make sure to blend it and use color that would accentuate the eyes and compliment her over-all look. Then apply blush on to the cheeks using upward motion to put color on the cheeks, blend it in with the foundation so that the make up will be seamless. Then apply lip liner and lipstick, the shade should tie up the desired over-all look. For a pouty lip, apply lipstick from the center to the sides, add a lip shiner to enhance the lip color.

Music Is A Universal Medium Essay - 2409 Words

There are certain elements and forms of expression that help to define cultures and time periods. Music is a form of art and expression that ties cultures and humanity together well also allowing each culture to add the own unquietness. We may not realize it but music penetrates almost every aspect of our lives. Music is used in celebrations such as a in a wedding or bar mitzvah music is even used to commemorate someone’s life as they are laid to rest. Music is a universal medium. Everyone and anyone can find meaning and some personal connection music. Music has the ability to elicit powerful emotions or memories. A certain song could remind someone of a very happy time in their life such as being on a beach or at a cookout with friends and family. Music has the ability to elicit powerful emotions in us such as happiness and can transport us mentally back to that moment in time where we were and what was happening to elicit those emotions. Music can bring out negative emotions in us as well. Someone could hear a song that reminds them of their first break-up which may bring about feelings of sadness and cause that person to relive a painful experience. Perhaps one of the most powerful elements music possesses is that it allows us to project in our mind and become something we are not. For example if you hear a rock song that excites you, maybe you imagine yourself as the star quarterback throwing for the game winning touchdown. Maybe if a country song comes on the radio youShow MoreRelatedAbsolute Film Is Fine Art1654 Words   |  7 Pageseach of these artists to transcend pencil and paper, oil and canvas primarily; so what are these films’ connections to previous endeavors for these pioneers of abstract film? What drove these established artists to strive for a â€Å"universal language† and rhythm in the medium of moving image that couldn’t be achieved on canvas or paper? 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